The residential building was destroyed along [with neighbouring houses](https://x.com/Hakeam_ps/status/1717176976778076176) by an Israeli "firebelt" airstrike on the residential block in Al-Jalaa Street, Gaza City around 4 pm. [40 people were killed](https://x.com/Paltodaytv/status/1717226298995610034) The residential block was comprised of Al-Taj 3 and Juwaid residential buildings, and the houses of Hanoun, Mansour, Jadallah, and Akila [families](https://x.com/Hamzaalnamla1/status/1717177674685182165), as well as Al-Sharq [bakery](https://x.com/sameh2655014316/status/1717190437599949237) Testimony from Dr. Izzeddin Shaheen who was treating the injured at Al-Shifa hospital: "*This photo was taken by the martyred Dr. Fidaa from the operations at Al-Shifa Hospital on the first day of the war. On this day a year ago, Israel committed a massacre by targeting the Al-Taj building and its surroundings. The event, despite its enormity, did not receive the attention it deserved at that time due to the interruption of communications and the Internet. I remember well the huge number of injuries. *Most of the injuries were serious, you could barely find a place to put your foot between the bodies of the injured. I was carrying dozens of blood units and randomly placing them on the injured. Everyone was bleeding and there were no operating rooms available. As soon as I finished distributing blood to the injured, I would return to the first injured person and find him dead, and so on, everyone was bleeding. *Everyone was bleeding to death and we had nothing to do for them. We didn't feel the time passing until midnight, then we learned that one of our colleagues' daughters had died in the hospital while he was working with us and was busy with her, so we all started crying. Bitter crying, the whole department is crying, everyone hides their faces and cries, crying for everyone, for the injured and for the poor girl. The poor girl crowded the bodies of the massacre's martyrs with her body to find a grave to hold her, and the martyr Fidaa ascended a few days later with her children. A whole year has passed and we are still living under genocide."   

On October 19, 2023, at around 8:30 pm, an Israeli strike hit a building adjacent to the centuries-old Greek Orthodox St. Porphyrius Church on Omar Al-Mukhtar Street, in Gaza city. The blast destroyed parts of the church complex where hundreds of displaced civilians were reportedly taking shelter. **The church:** Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Porphyrius | Name (Arabic): كنيسة القديس برفيريوس للروم الأرثوذكس Located in Gaza City, in the Zaytoun (الزيتون) neighborhood — one of the oldest churches in the world, dating back to the 5th century. Affiliation: Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem **Victims:** Amid the 23 civilians killed, there were ten children, eight women and five men across three families. Sources reported at least 18 more civilians were injured, though by some accounts there were ‘dozens’ of wounded civilians, and potentially hundreds more under the rubble. The three families identified with multiple civilian casualties were the Al-Amash family, Al-Souri family and Al-Tarazi family. The Higher Presidential Committee of Churches Affairs in Palestine (HCC) described scenes with “entire families whose names were erased from civil records, children whose body parts were found under the rubble, and a girl no more than 4 months old who was found martyred in the arms of her grandmother who was also martyred.” The Holy Orthodox Foundation of Saint George, quoted by @ytirawi on Twitter/X, claimed that Israeli forces targeted “the hall of the church with four missiles”, while The Guardian reported that “a missile brought down part of the complex”. Ibrahim Al-Souri, a survivor, interviewed by Al-Jazeera, told the media that “two raids” hit the building. **IDF spin:** On Twitter/X, @AvichayAdraee, the IDF Spokesperson, declared that Israeli forces intended to strike a target adjacent to the church, allegedly used as a Hamas command center. *"Statement regarding the airstrike that targeted an area near the Greek Orthodox Church in Gaza: Israeli Air Force warplanes struck, the day before yesterday, a command and control center belonging to a Hamas operative involved in launching rockets and mortar shells toward Israel, in the Zaytoun neighborhood. This command center was used to carry out attacks against Israel and contained infrastructure belonging to the Hamas terrorist organization. Any damage resulting from the Israeli airstrike was collateral and unintended. The Israel Defense Forces can state unequivocally that the church was not the target of this strike. Hamas deliberately places its operational facilities within populated civilian areas, exploiting the residents of the Gaza Strip as human shields. In order to reduce harm to civilians, the Israel Defense Forces have requested residents of northern Gaza to evacuate southward beyond Wadi Gaza. The IDF continues to urge residents of northern Gaza to evacuate the area in accordance with military instructions."* **Name of the martyrs:** Al-Amash / Al-Souri Families 1. Yara Grace Al-Amsh – يارا العمش, 23 years old ♀ │ Wife of Sobhi Al-Souri │ MoH ID 405957218 2. Juliet Sobhi Al-Souri – جوليت صبحي الصوري, 1 year old ♀ │ Daughter of Yara │ MoH ID 445846819 3. George Sobhi Al-Souri – جورج صبحي الصوري, Under 1 ♂ │ Son of Yara │ MoH ID 445239171 4. Samaa Al-Amash – سما العمش, Under 1 ♀ │ Daughter of Miral and Atallah 5. Grace Issa Al-Amash – جريس عيسى العمش, Adult ♀ 6. Tariq Sami Al-Souri – طارق الصوري, 37 ♂ │ MoH ID 801483959 7. Lisa Walid Souri – ليزا الصوري, 32 ♀ │ Wife of Tariq │ MoH ID 803689009 8. Issa Tariq Al-Souri – عيسى الصوري, 12 ♂ │ Son of Tariq and Lisa │ MoH ID 432257384 9. Ghada Al-Souri – غادة الصوري, Adult ♀ │ Wife of Ramez Al-Souri 10. Suhail Ramez Al-Souri – سهيل رامز الصوري, 14 ♂ │ Child of Ramez and Ghada │ MoH ID 427456660 11. Majd Ramez Al-Souri – ماجد رامز الصوري, 7 ♂ │ Child of Ramez and Ghada │ MoH ID 433213493 12. Julie Ramez Al-Souri – جويل رامز الصوري, 9 ♀ │ Child of Ramez and Ghada │ MoH ID 431576370 13. Abdel Nour Sami Al-Souri – عبد النور الصوري, Adult ♂ │ MoH ID 803471143 14. Viola Al-Amsh – فيولا العمش, 26 ♀ │ Wife of Abdel Nour │ MoH ID 403253248 15. Alia Abdelnour Al-Souri – علياء الصوري, Under 1 ♀ │ Daughter of Abdel Nour and Viola │ MoH ID 444170781 Tarazi Family/ 16. Marwan Salim Tarazi – مروان ترزي, 64 ♂ │ MoH ID 922295985 17. Nahid Rahuf Musa Tarazi – ناهد ترزي, 60 ♀ │ Wife of Marwan │ MoH ID 922296090 18. Joelle Attala Al-Amash – جويل عطالله العمش, Under 1 ♀ │ Granddaughter of Marwan and Nahid │ MoH ID 444370142 19. Dr Suleiman Jamil Tarazi – سليمان ترزي, 35 ♂ 20. Elaine Helmi Tarazi – الينا ترزي, 9 ♀ 21. Eva Salim Musa Tarazi – ايفا سليم موسى ترزي, Adult ♀ Other Individuals: 22. Christine Al-Turk – كريسين الترك, Child ♀ 23. Nassem Saba – نسيم سابا, Adult ♂ **Names of some injured:** 1. Sobhi Al-Souri – صبحي الصوري, Adult ♂ 2. Lily Saba – ليلي سابا, 15 ♀ │ Wife of Suleiman Tarazi 3. Jad Tarazi – جاد ترزي, 7 ♂ │ Son of Suleiman and Lily

**On 17 October 2023,** an explosion occurred in the car park of al-Ahli Hospital in Gaza City occupied by a tent city housing displaced people fleeing the Israeli intense aerial bombing campaign. The Gaza Health Ministry reported 471 fatalities and 342 injuries; US intelligence estimates casualties between 100-300. **In the hours after the blast, doctors working at al-Ahli held a press conference amongst the bodies** of those killed in the blast. Dr. Ghassan Abu Sitta stated, *‘We were performing surgery at the Baptist hospital when a strong explosion occurred and the ceiling fell on the operating room… This is a massacre’*. ### **Israel revendication, then denial and hasbara** Initially, a top aide for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Hananya Naftali, took responsibility for the attack, stating in a tweet: *“Israeli Air Force struck a Hamas terrorist base inside a hospital in Gaza. A multiple number of terrorists are dead. It’s heartbreaking that Hamas is launching rockets from hospitals, Mosques, schools and using civilians as human shields.”* The tweet was quickly deleted, however, and a new Israeli version emerged. **Israel denies it's responsabily and rejects on Hamas** : Israeli officials claimed the blast was due to a misfired rocket from Hamas or Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). They pointed to video footage showing a mid-air explosion they allege was responsible. **IDF false audio recording** On October 18,, IDF released an audio recording purportedly containing an intercepted conversation between two Hamas operatives saying that a misfired rocket launched by PIJ caused the explosion. Channel 4 News reported on a forensic analysis of the alleged Hamas operative audio released by the IDF, concluding that it was digitally manipulated. Two Arabic language journalists said that the recording did not appear authentic, because the "language, accent, dialect, syntax and tone" were not credible. Channel 4 News also reported on a preliminary audio assessment performed by a sonic analysis company called Earshot, which concluded that the audio recording had been edited to fuse two channels that were recorded separately, one for each speaker. Palestinian authorities and local reports attribute the explosion to an Israeli airstrike. ### Independant investiation **Forensic Analysis:** Analysis disputes the Israeli claim, suggesting that footage shows an Israeli interceptor, not a misfired Palestinian rocket. The explosion’s trajectory and timing do not align with Israel's explanation. Open-source footage analysis confirmed that the seventeen rockets fired from Gaza had burned out mid-flight, making them unlikely to cause the hospital blast. **Evidence and Verification:** Investigations by the New York Times and the Washington Post corroborated that the footage presented by Israel showed an interceptor rather than a misfired Experts identified the explosion’s altitude and trajectory, concluding it was an Israeli interceptor operating outside Gaza. **Context of Israeli Attacks on Medical Facilities:** Four days before the explosion, Israel ordered evacuations of hospitals in northern Gaza, including al-Ahli. WHO react to this international law violation by a [statement](https://www.emro.who.int/media/news/evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-sentence-for-the-sick-and-injured.html), on October 14 : *"tens of thousands of displaced people in northern Gaza are seeking refuge in open spaces in or around hospitals, treating them as havens from violence as well as to protect the facilities from potential attacks. Their lives, too, are at risk when health facilities are bombed. There are verified reports of deaths of health care workers and destruction of health facilities, which denies civilians the basic human right of life-saving health care and is prohibited under International Humanitarian Law.WHO calls for Israel to immediately reverse evacuation orders to hospitals in northern Gaza, and calls for the protection of health facilities, health workers, patients, and civilians. WHO also reiterates its calls for the immediate and safe delivery of medical supplies, fuel, clean water, food, and other humanitarian aid into Gaza through the Rafah crossing, where life-saving assistance – including WHO health supplies that arrived earlier today – is currently awaiting entry"* It was later confirmed by the Archibishop of Jerusalem (Al Ahli hospital is an Anglican Christian health infrastructure) in a press conference that Israeli forces targeted the hospital’s cancer treatment ward on 14 October. The World Health Organization (WHO) recorded 51 attacks on medical infrastructure in Gaza in the ten days prior to the explosion. ## Sources **Human Right Watch** ["Gaza: Findings on October 17 al-Ahli Hospital Explosion. Evidence Points to Misfired Rocket but Full Investigation Needed](https://hrw.org/news/2023/11/26/gaza-findings-october-17-al-ahli-hospital-explosion) **BBC first investigation** (by footage analysis and with US and UK weapon experts) [source](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67144061) **[Forensic architecture investigation](https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/israeli-disinformation-al-ahli-hospital)** published on February 15, 2024. **Forensic Architecture Conclusion's report **: *"While what happened at al-Ahli remains inconclusive, it is clear that in the aftermath of the explosion, the Israeli military launched an aggressive disinformation campaign. As it stands, Israel has yet to provide any conclusive visual evidence to support the claim that the source of the deadly blast at al-Ahli hospital was a Hamas or PIJ rocket. It is also worth noting that four days before the explosion at al-Ahli, on 13 October, Israel ordered the evacuation of all northern hospitals, including al-Ahli; and the following day, an Israeli strike on the hospital’s cancer treatment ward was confirmed by Al-Haq (Israel is known to issue warning strikes prior to full scale attacks). This incident was hardly an anomaly. In the ten days prior, the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported 51 attacks on medical infrastructure in Gaza. By aggregating news reports from Al-Jazeera, Alaraby, and Shehab News since 7 October, our analysis shows that Israeli intimidation and attacks on medical infrastructure, including hospitals, has been systematic and unrelenting, following a consistent pattern defined by attacks on the surrounding area, direct targeting, siege, and occupation."* Channel 4 reporting and [first investigation.](https://www.channel4.com/news/who-was-behind-the-gaza-hospital-blast-visual-investigation) NYT [investigation ](rocket.https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/24/world/middleeast/gaza-hospital-israel-hamas-video.html)

Mount Al-Arma, also known as Jabal al-‘Arma, is a prominent hill near the town of Beita south of Nablus in the occupied West Bank. This hill is rich in archaeological, historical, and environmental significance. Rising over 800 meters above sea level, it offers a strategic view of the surrounding valleys and has long been part of the natural and cultural landscape of the region. This site has become emblematic of Palestinian resistance against Israeli settlement expansion : in recent years, Mount Al-Arma has become a focal point of contention between Palestinian residents and Israeli settlers. The site is frequently targeted during Jewish holidays by settler groups, who ascend the mountain—often accompanied by Israeli military protection—claiming historical and religious ties to the land. These incursions are part of broader settlement expansion strategies aimed at asserting control over key highlands in the West Bank. Palestinian residents of Beita and surrounding villages regard the mountain as communal land with deep ancestral and cultural ties. Attempts by settlers to establish a permanent presence have sparked widespread protests, met by heavy military crackdowns. In early 2020, tensions escalated when Israeli settlers, supported by military forces, attempted to assert control over the mountain. Palestinians from Beita organized sit-ins to defend the area. The mountain holds not only strategic significance but also cultural and historical importance for the local Palestinian community. Efforts to protect it reflect broader struggles over land rights and heritage in the region. ### Chronology of the raids and incident **On March 11, 2020**, 15-year-old **Mohammed Abdel Karim Hamayel** was fatally shot by Israeli forces during one such protest. Another young man, Islam Dweikat, also lost his life during these confrontations. **On August 21, 2023**, 17-year-old K**aram Ayman Mohammad Dweikat** was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers during clashes in Beita. These incidents have solidified Mount Al-Arma's status as a symbol of steadfastness for Palestinians resisting settlement encroachments. **On october 15, 2023,** Settlers, protected by the occupation army, storm Mount Al-Arma in the town of Beita, south of Nablus ~ **On May 3, 2024, ** Dozens of settlers, protected by the occupation army, stormed Mount Al-Arma in Beita, south of Nablus, and the town’s mosques call for confrontation. **On April 3, 2025,** Settlers wearing Israeli army uniforms stormed Mount al-Arma, east of Beita town in Nablus, occupied West Bank. **On April 18, 2025** Dozens of settlers stormed Mount Al-Arma in the town of Beita, south of Nablus.

The Holy Family Church compound had been providing refuge to approximately 600 displaced Palestinians, including 54 people with special needs, since the war began. **Testimony of Hammam Farah @HumHum83 On December 17, 2023** *This morning Israeli snipers shot and killed my two family friends in an attack on the Holy Family Catholic Church in Gaza. Nahida (Um Emad Anton) and Samar, mother and daughter, were walking to the Sisters’ Convent to use the only bathroom. One was killed as she tried to carry the other to safety. Their bodies remain strewn across the church courtyard. The water tanks and solar panels were also struck. We don’t know if they have enough water to survive. The Christian community in Gaza is on the verge of extinction. There are about 800 of us left, some sheltering in the Catholic church, some in the Orthodox church, and a few still in their homes in Gaza City.* *This morning Israeli snipers shot and killed my two family friends in an attack on the Holy Family Catholic Church in Gaza.Nahida (Um Emad Anton) and Samar, mother and daughter, were walking to the Sisters’ Convent to use the only bathroom. One was killed as she tried to carry the other to safety. Their bodies remain strewn across the church courtyard. The water tanks and solar panels were also struck. We don’t know if they have enough water to survive.* *The Christian community in Gaza is on the verge of extinction.There are about 800 of us left, some sheltering in the Catholic church, some in the Orthodox church, and a few still in their homes in Gaza City. On October 2023, there were approximately 530 Christians inside the Holy Family, 60 per cent are women and children.* *My family has been sheltered there since St. Porphyrius Orthodox Church was bombed and my cousin was murdered. This is a targeted death campaign during the Christmas season on the world’s oldest Christian community. Earlier this morning, an Israeli tank fired on the Convent of the Sisters of Mother Theresa. The convent housed ~54 people with disabilities. The generator was destroyed, taking out electricity. Then two more shells were fired completely destroying the convent. Many of these people are now without the respirators they need to survive. The Red Cross has submitted a request to the Pope for urgent intervention. **On July 8, 2024** According to Caritas *"The Holy Family School and its surrounding area in Gaza were devastated yesterday by [Israeli] raid, resulting in the tragic loss of hundreds of innocent lives. This school served as a sanctuary for displaced families, offering them a place of safety amidst the chaos"* 31.524136, 34.452550 https://x.com/ChrisOsieck/status/1810563332648165883 **On December 14, 2024** Around midday, an Israeli airstrike targeted the Holy Family School in Al-Rimal neighborhood in Gaza City. The school was sheltering displaced persons and several were injured in the attack.* (Sources: [1](https://x.com/F24online/status/1867870199426539550) [2](https://x.com/ShehabAgency/status/1867895949907140636))

An Israeli airstrike killed members of the Al-Durrah family. The father of martyr Mohammed Al-Dura said “Israel bombed my brothers’ homes, killed my two brothers (Iyad and Nael), my sister-in-law and her only daughter, and killed dozens of my neighbors, most of them children.” [Source](https://x.com/paldf/status/1713844228701241545) [Source](https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6870430)

**On October 13**, 2023, Israeli army strikes on a group of 7 journalists in south Lebanon, which killed Reuters journalist Issam Abdullah & injured 6 others. This appears beeing a direct attack on civilians that must be investigated as a war crime. ## **Chronology of Events** **Before the Attack** **Around 5:00 PM,** a group of seven journalists gathered near the village of Alma al-Chaab, Tyre governorate, in southern Lebanon. They were reporting on hostilities near the Lebanese-Israeli border, filming ongoing clashes between Israeli forces and Hizbullah.The group included journalists from Reuters, AFP, and Al Jazeera. **Surveillance by Israeli Forces (5:00–6:00 PM):** Israeli surveillance assets, including an Apache helicopter and possibly a drone, circled above the area for over 40 minutes before the attack. The group was stationary, giving Israeli forces ample time to identify them as civilians and journalists. **First Strike (6:02 PM):** An Israeli tank fired a 120mm round (likely an M339 projectile) from positions near Jordeikh in Israel. Issam Abdallah (Reuters) was killed instantly while sitting on a stone ledge. Christina Assi (AFP) suffered severe injuries, losing her leg. **Second Strike (6:03 PM):** A second projectile, 37 seconds later, likely a guided missile, struck near the journalists, hitting the Al Jazeera car, which caught fire. The explosion caused additional injuries, including to Dylan Collins (AFP) wounded by shrapnel, Carmen Joukhadar (Al Jazeera) suffering of severe shrapnel injuries, Elie Brakhya (Al Jazeera) suffering of a crushed shoulder and severe arm injuries, Maher Nazeh and Thaier Al-Sudani (Reuters) suffering of shrapnel injuries. **Aftermath** Survivors scrambled to assist each other amid the chaos. Verified videos showed injured journalists and the burning Al Jazeera car. ## **Victims and Impact:** **Killed:** - Issam Abdallah (Reuters) **Injured:** - Christina Assi (AFP): Lost one leg. - Dylan Collins (AFP): Shrapnel wounds. - Maher Nazeh (Reuters): Shrapnel injuries. - Thaier Al-Sudani (Reuters): Injuries on the left side of the body. - Carmen Joukhadar (Al Jazeera): Shrapnel wounds. - Elie Brakhya (Al Jazeera): Severe arm injuries and shoulder damage. ## **Weapons used by Israli Army :** The weapons used in the attack on the journalists in south Lebanon on October 13, 2023, were analyzed by Amnesty International: **120mm Tank Round:** The first strike, which killed Issam Abdallah and severely injured Christina Assi, was identified as a 120mm tank round, most likely an M339 projectile, fired from Israeli positions near the villages of Al-Nawaqir and Jordeikh. This type of weapon was manufactured by the Israeli company IMI Systems. An AFP investigation conducted with Airwars, showed that the first strike involved a 120-milimeter tank shell only used by the Israeli army in this region. Amnesty and Human Rights Watch also concluded that the first strike that killed Abdallah and severely wounded Assi was most likely a tank round fired from Israel. **Small Guided Missile:** The second strike, which occurred 37 seconds after the first, hit near an Al Jazeera vehicle, causing it to catch fire. This weapon was likely a small guided missile, though the exact model and launch platform could not be identified. ## **Amnesty International Lab investigation shows :** - Amnesty International’s investigation included over 100 verified videos, photos, witness interviews, and forensic analysis. - The journalists were clearly identifiable as civilians, wearing press vests and positioned in an open, visible location. Journalists wore helmets and flak vests marked “press”. Vehicles were visibly marked, with one car labeled “TV”. The location was an open hill with clear visibility, devoid of any military presence. - An Israeli Apache helicopter and drone surveilled the area for over 40 minutes before the strikes. - Two strikes occurred 37 seconds apart, the first involving a 120mm tank round, likely an M339 projectile, and the second a small guided missile. - No evidence of military objectives or fighters was found in the journalists' vicinity. ## **Other investigations** For its investigation, Reuters worked with the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), an independent research institute which works with the Dutch defense ministry. The probe pointed to "the tail fin of a 120 mm tank round fired by a smoothbore tank gun positioned 1.34 km away from the reporters, across the Lebanese border." It analyzed evidence from the scene, satellite images and hours of footage, including footage from Italian broadcaster Rai "that showed the launch point of the second strike as well as the tank round in flight, and the audio of the firing and the impact of both rounds taken from Al Jazeera's live feed." "Using the Al Jazeera audio, TNO calculated the interval between the sound of the two strikes and the thud of the muzzle blasts to determine that the firing point was 1,343 metres away from the reporters, (..) It said the sound signatures from the strikes matched, showing they were both tank rounds fired from the same position." It determined they originated from an Israeli military outpost in Jordeikh next to the border. ## Reuter statement after investigation (Dec 2023) According to Reuters editor-in-chief Alessandra Galloni, "The evidence we now have, and have published today, shows that an Israeli tank crew killed our colleague Issam Abdallah," (...) "We call on Israel to explain how this could have happened and to hold to account those responsible for his death and the wounding of Christina Assi of the AFP, our colleagues Thaier al-Sudani and Maher Nazeh, and the three other reporters," ## IDF Statements and Denial: Israeli UN Envoy Gilad Erdan stated: “We would never want to hit or kill any journalist... but you know, we’re in a state of war.” The Israeli military announced the incident was “under review.”. One years later, this war crime stays unpunished and no investigation result was communicated to the victims. **Sources :** [1](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/lebanon-deadly-israeli-attack-on-journalists-must-be-investigated-as-a-war-crime/) [2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmcPUzR9KE8&ab_channel=Reporterssansfronti%C3%A8res) [3](https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/reuters-probe-finds-israel-tank-fire-killed-journalist-in-lebanon)

On 11 October 2023, armed Israeli settlers entered or approached the outskirts of Qusra, Nablus governorates, West Bank, where clashes broke out with Palestinian residents after settlers opened fire toward Palestinian homes and residents. Palestinians went outside to defend their property and families. At least four Palestinians were killed and several others were wounded during the shootings, including young men from local families such as the Odeh and Abu Rida families. Accounts differ regarding the role of Israeli soldiers. Palestinian witnesses reported that Israeli soldiers were present and later also fired when villagers gathered, while the Israeli military stated that it intervened to disperse clashes and opened an investigation. Some reports indicate that it remains unclear whether all fatal shots were fired by settlers or soldiers. The violence continued on 12 October 2023 during funeral preparations for those killed the previous day. Armed settlers allegedly blocked the funeral procession and opened fire, killing a father and his son, Ibrahim Wadi (62–63) and Ahmad Wadi (25–26). Because killings occurred both during the initial attack and the funeral, Palestinian residents and some media later described the events collectively as a “massacre” in Qusra. **Names of the martyrs:** Killed on 11 October 2023 (Qusra): 1) Muath Ra’id Mahmoud Odeh 2) Musab Abdul Haleem ‘Aref Abu Raida 3) ‘Obadah Saeed Awad Abu Srour Killed on 12 October 2023 (funeral procession): 4) Ibrahim Wadi, 62 5) Ahmad Wadi, 23 **Investigation of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel** (Report of June 2024) The Commission documented several cases of settler violence which it considers to be emblematic. The Commission investigated a case from 11 October 2023, in which three Palestinians, including one child, were killed by settlers and another Palestinian was killed by ISF during settler attacks on Qusra village in the Nablus Governorate. Threats were posted on X two days prior to the attack stating, in Arabic and Hebrew, “To all the rats in the sewers of Qusra village, we are waiting for you, and we will not mourn you!! The day of revenge is coming.” According to an investigation by a Palestinian human rights organisation, on 11 October 2023, at around 14:30 to 15:00, a group of eight to ten masked Israeli settlers, some of whom were armed with automatic weapons and handguns, attacked the village of Qusra, located in the southeast of Nablus. Three Palestinians, including a child, were shot and killed by settlers with live ammunition and killed: Muath Ra’id Mahmoud Odeh, 29, shot in the chest; Musab Abdul Haleem ‘Aref Abu Raida, 18, shot in the head; and ‘Obadah Saeed Awad Abu Srour, 17, shot in the head. According to two separate reports based on testimonies of residents, the settlers’ primary target was the Odeh family home. It had been the home of Mahmoud Ahmad Zaal Odeh, who had been killed in 2017 by Israeli settlers. His family of ten members, including five children, resided there. As the attack unfolded, Palestinian residents and young men gathered to defend the area and support the occupants of the targeted home. The settlers, backed by settlement security officers, fired live ammunition directly at the house and the people who had come to defend against the attack. Throughout the attack, the settlers continued to hurl stones and fire live ammunition at the house and towards the windows. According to Israeli human rights organisation B’Tselem, a family member, 29-year-old Awad Mahmoud Ahmad Odeh, climbed onto the roof of the house to confront the settlers and drive them away. He threw stones and bricks at the attackers and was shot in the neck and face. His six-year-old daughter, Rahaf Awad Mahmoud Odeh, was also shot in the right shoulder. Both were wounded as a result of the attack. According to several reports, ISF soldiers arrived at the scene later in the day and also directed fire at the Palestinian residents. During the confrontations, Hasan Mohannad Hasan Odeh, 21, was fatally shot in the head by the ISF. Before withdrawing, the ISF confiscated a surveillance camera recording device from the attacked house, which had captured the settlers’ attack on video. In total, three Palestinians were killed by settlers and one by ISF, and 12 Palestinians, including two children, sustained injuries after being shot by the ISF and Israeli settlers with live ammunition, while three Palestinians were killed by settlers and one by the ISF. The next day, on 12 October 2023, at around 10:00, an organised funeral procession, comprising four Palestinian ambulances and accompanied by approximately 15 civilian vehicles, conveyed the bodies of the four dead Palestinians from the Salfit Government Hospital to their hometown, Qusra, for burial. During the course of this journey, a group of Israeli settlers, under the protection of the ISF, obstructed the procession, attacked the vehicles and fired live ammunition. The obstruction included the placement of tyres and stones at a crossroad leading to Qusra. The attack was premeditated and organised. As dozens of Palestinians were participating in the procession to pay their respects to the killed Palestinians, Israeli settlers fired live ammunition, fatally injuring Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud Wadi, 62, in the right shoulder, and his son, Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Wadi, 25, in the chest and neck. According to screenshots posted in Haaretz, settlers issued a call on a WhatsApp group named “Updates from the Fight” for other settlers to come to the scene and obstruct the ambulances. **Investigation of Al-Halq and other Palestinian NGO's:** Settler Attack on Qusra Village, Occupied Nablus: Settlers Kill Five Palestinians According to Al-Haq’s documentation, on 11 October 2023, at around 3:00 pm, a group of eight to ten masked Israeli settlers, some of whom were armed with automatic weapons and handguns, launched an attack on the village of Qusra, located in the southeast of Nablus, killing three Palestinians, whereby a fourth Palestinian was killed by the IOF. The following day, Israeli settlers attacked the funeral procession of the four Palestinians killed, firing at Palestinians and killing two Palestinians: a father and his son. The settlers had come from the Israeli colonial outpost, ‘Esh Kodesh’, which translates to “Holy Fire”. This colonial outpost was established in 2000 on Palestinian land to the south of Qusra, approximately 600 metres away from the nearest house in the village. Arriving to the southeast of Qusra, some on all-terrain vehicle (ATV), Israeli settlers initiated their attack on the homes and properties of the Palestinian residents, firing live ammunition directly at residential buildings in the area. Their primary target was the home of Mahmoud Ahmad Zaal Odeh — who was killed in 2017 by Israeli settlers — where his family of ten members, including five children, resides. As the attack unfolded, Palestinian residents and young men gathered to defend the area and supportthe occupants of the targeted home. The settlers fired live ammunition directly at the house and the people who had come to defend against the attack. Throughout the attack, the settlers continued to hurl stones and fire live ammunition at the house and towards the windows. Awad Mahmoud Ahmad Odeh climbed onto the roof of the house to confront the settlers and drive them away. He threw stones and bricks at the attackers and was shot in the neck and face. His 6-year-old daughter, Rahaf Awad Mahmoud Odeh, was also shot in the right shoulder. Approximately five minutes later, three civilian vehicles, each carrying the Israeli security guard of Esh Kodesh and Ahiya colonial outposts and Migdalim colonial settlement, arrived at the scene. They provided support to the settlers who were attacking the houses and Qusra residents, firing live ammunition at Palestinians upon arrival. Around 15 minutes later, the IOF arrived, including military patrols from the Israeli border guards. Dozens of Israeli occupying soldiers dismounted from their vehicles and began firing tear gas canisters and live ammunition at the village’s residents. Subsequently, the Israeli settlers retreated southward, positioning themselves about 100 metres behind the IOF. After approximately an hour and a half, reports confirmed that three Palestinians, including a child, had succumbed to their injuries inflicted by live ammunition from the settlers, and were killed. Their names were Muath Ra’id Mahmoud Odeh, 29, who sustained a gunshot wound to the chest; Musab Abdul Haleem ‘Aref Abu Raida, 18, who sustained a gunshot wound to the head; and ‘Obadah Saeed Awad Abu Srour, 17, a Palestinian child who sustained a gunshot wound to the head. The confrontations in the village of Qusra lasted for over three hours until approximately 6:30 pm. During the confrontations, Hasan Mohannad Hasan Odeh, 21, was fatally shot in the head by the IOF. Before withdrawing, the IOF confiscated a surveillance camera recording device from the attacked house, the home of Mahmoud Odeh’s family, which had captured the settlers’ attack. Injured individuals were transported by Palestinian ambulances to the Algeria Medical Center in Qusra. Subsequently, they were transferred to hospitals in the cities of Salfit and Nablus. While fulfilling its humanitarian duty of transporting the wounded and killed Palestinians, one Palestinian ambulance came under fire with live ammunition aimed at its front and rear windows, with no reported injuries among the ambulance crew members. Overall, on that day, 12 Palestinians, including two children, sustained injuries after being shot by the IOF and Israeli settlers with live ammunition, while three Palestinians were killed by settlers and one by the IOF. The next day, 12 October 2023, at around 10:00 am, an organised funeral procession, comprising four Palestinian ambulances and accompanied by approximately 15 civilian vehicles, conveyed the remains of the four Palestinians killed from the Salfit Government Hospital to their hometown, Qusra. During the course of this journey, a group of Israeli settlers, under the protection of the IOF, obstructed the procession, attacked the vehicles and fired live ammunition. This obstruction included the placement of tires and stones at a crossroad leading to Qusra. As dozens of Palestinians were participating in the procession to pay their respect for the killed Palestinians, Israeli settlers fired live ammunition, fatally injuring Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud Wadi, 62, in the right flank, and his son Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Wadi, 25, in the chest and neck. Ibrahim and Ahmed were transferred to Qabalan Medical Clinic and subsequently to Rafidia Government Hospital in Nablus, where Ibrahim was pronounced dead upon arrival, and diligent efforts of medical professionals and paramedics to resuscitate Ahmed were unsuccessful, pronouncing his death shortly later that day. A few days later, on 15 October 2023, at around 12:00 pm, the IOF shot Karam Ayman Moahammad Dweikat, 17, in the right waist during confrontations with armed Israeli settlers and the IOF at Jabal Al-’Orma, in Beita town, in Nablus Governorate. Karam’s death was pronounced at around 1:20 pm at Rafidia Governmental Hospital in Nablus city. The transportation of Karam’s body to his hometown, Beita, was obstructed until around 5:30 pm on the same day, as the IOF and armed settlers had closed the ‘Awarta checkpoint, west of Nablus city. This followed threats by settlers on social media which called for the killing of any Palestinian who holds a public funeral for Karam, recalling their killings of two Palestinians during the funeral procession in Qusra. The social media post was shared on a Telegram channel, with Karam’s photo attached to an Arabic text that reads: “To the rats of Beita town. You tried to harm the Jews of the area, expanding your aggression toward Jabal Al ‘Orma. This time, luckily for you, it ended with the killing of [only] one of you. We warn you not to hold a public and popular funeral for that killed man, advising you to bury him at night and in secret. Learn from the lesson of Qusra residents who thought they could hold a public funeral for their carcasses, which led to two additional killings. Any idiot who attends the funeral of your carcass will be risking his life for instant death…” The Telegram channel called “the Nazi Hunters”, with now more than 7,000 subscribers, has been created since the start of the ongoing Israeli aggression on Gaza, which on a daily basis publishes photos, names and homes’ addresses of Palestinian figures, mainly activists, calling on “law enforcement officials to punish them”.

**Saeed Al-Taweel** was editor-in-chief of *Al-Khamsa news agency*, **Mohammed Rizq Sobh** was a photojournalist for *Khabar news agency*, **Hisham Al-Nawajiha** was a correspondent with *Khabar news agency*. **On October 9**, while covering the violent bombing of Gaza City, journalists Saeed Radwan al-Taweel, a resident of the Rafah Governorate in the south and editor-in-chief of the Al-Khamsa News website, and journalist Mohammad Rizq Sobh, a resident of Gaza and photographer for Khabar Agency, were killed. In the same bombing, journalist Hisham Al-Nawajiha, who was also covering the events, was severely injured and died later that same day. **Saeed Al-Taweel** was a Palestinian journalist living in Rafah, southern Gaza. On October 9, while covering Israeli attacks in Gaza, he was killed after being targeted by an Israeli rocket. While filming events, Saeed and his news team were ordered by Israeli forces to leave their office before it was bombed. They relocated and continued filming, but that location was also struck, resulting in the deaths of both Mohammad Rizq Sobh and Saeed Al-Taweel. The Israeli army targeted the Al-Hiji building in Gaza City, which housed several media offices. All the journalists were wearing their press jackets and were on duty during the assault. Hisham Al-Nawajiha ### UNESCO Director-General [Statement](https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-director-general-deplores-deaths-journalists-saeed-al-taweel-mohammed-sobboh-and-hisham?hub=72609) : "16 October 2023 (Last update:10 September 2024) I deplore the death of journalists Saeed Al-Taweel, Mohammed Sobboh and Hisham Alnwajha and I request an independent investigation to determine the circumstances of this tragedy. Journalists covering conflict situations must be protected as civilians, in accordance with international humanitarian law and UN Security Council Resolution 2222/2015 on the protection of journalists, media professional and associated personnel in situations of conflict. UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay UNESCO Director-General (...) The three journalists were killed in an airstrike on Gaza on 10 October 2023. Reports indicate the three were covering the evacuation of a nearby residential building when the missile strike occurred. UNESCO promotes the safety of journalists through global awareness-raising, capacity building and by coordinating the implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. "

### First massacre Around, an Israeli airstrike targeted a house belonging to the Al-Khalidi family, near the Fares roundabout in Bureij, central Gaza. [4 people were killed](https://x.com/Qadeyah1/status/1843709599175868578) 1. Abdurrahim Shadi Al-Khalidi 2. Fadi Abdurrahim Al-Khalidi 3. Abdurrahman Fadi Al-Khalidi 4. Mohammed Rami Al-Khalidi ### Second massacre Moments before midnight, an Israeli airstrike targeted the Al-Khalidi family home in Block 6 of Bureij camp, central Gaza. This was the **second time under 24 hours** that the family was targeted. A few minutes later, Israeli drones [dropped bombs](https://x.com/Hamzaalnamla1/status/1843752663504302106) around the house. Three people were killed including an [infant boy](https://x.com/abdallahatar/status/1843756830071386232). Injuries were [transferred](https://x.com/Hamzaalnamla1/status/1843760227281485913) from Al-Awda Hospital to Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital due to their severity.